fast-brain-cell-growth-linked-to-autism-study-finds

A potential cause for intellectual disabilities or autism in humans could be an accelerated development of the brain, as per a research study.

The maturation process of brain cells or neurons, particularly those in the cognitive area known as the cerebral cortex, takes several years to complete. This process, referred to as 'neoteny', is crucial for the development of complex cognitive abilities unique to humans.

Researchers believe that the SYNGAP1 gene promotes the extended development of these neurons.

However, scientists at the Flemish Institute for Biotechnology in Belgium discovered that alterations or mutations in the gene interfere with prolonged development, which may contribute to certain types of intellectual disabilities and autism.

Intellectual disabilities encompass a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that impact cognitive processes, including learning and problem-solving, as well as adaptive processes relating to daily activities such as communication and social interaction. Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by repetitive behaviours and impaired social skills.

Researchers published a study in the journal Neuron, in which they transplanted human neurons with mutated SYNGAP1 genes into mice brains to observe their development and function.

Studying the connections between neurons in the mice, the mutated neurons were found to "display a strong acceleration of their development" even as they "looked normal in most aspects", according to first author Ben Vermaercke.

"Most strikingly, they connected much faster with other neurons," Vermaercke said.

The altered neurons combined more rapidly with those in the cortical area and reacted to visual stimuli months earlier than their usual developmental timeline, suggesting that accelerated maturation resulted in early functionality of the neurons, as stated by the authors.

Prior research has established that alterations to the SYNGAP1 gene are a significant factor in causing intellectual disabilities, yet the specific impacts of the resulting disturbance to the brain cells have remained largely unclear, according to the researchers.

The discoveries have implications for comprehending and creating treatments for intellectual disabilities and autism, the researchers noted.